Envia per correu aquest article 
Amaga
Mostra-ho tot
Els dilemes democràtics de la COVID-19
Resum
La pandèmia provocada per la COVID-19 planteja un seguit de dilemes per als sistemes democràtics. En primer lloc, la governança d’un problema complex com aquest requereix molta coordinació entre diferents nivells i àrees de govern. Aquesta coordinació pot derivar en processos de concentració del poder en els executius estatals, i, per tant, en un afebliment de la separació de poders horitzontal i vertical. Així mateix, el control de la pandèmia exigeix mesures que poden representar limitacions importants de drets i llibertats fonamentals. En aquest article, analitzem aquests dilemes i estudiem com hi responen els ciutadans. Mitjançant l’anàlisi d’una enquesta panel duta a terme durant els mesos de gener, març i juny de 2020, observem una tendència molt marcada, en primera instància, a demanar lideratges forts, tecnocràtics i centralitzats, així com a acceptar restriccions de llibertats. Passada la primera onada de contagis, aquesta tendència es va matisar significativament, amb l’excepció de les preferències tecnocràtiques, que es mantenen en uns nivells significativament més elevats que abans de la pandèmia.
Paraules clau
Cites
Aassve, Arnstein, Alfani, Guido, Gandolfi, Francesco, i Le Moglie, Marco. (2020). Epidemics and Trust: The Case of the Spanish Flu. Working Papers, 661. IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research). Bocconi University.
Adolph, Christopher, Amano, Kenya, Bang-Jensen, Bree, Fullman, Nancy, i Wilkerson, John. (2020). Pandemic Politics: Timing State-Level Social Distancing Responses to COVID-19. https://doi.org/10.33774/apsa-2020-sf0ps.
Aidt, Toke S., i Leon, Gabriel. (2016). The Democratic Window of Opportunity: Evidence from Riots in Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 60(4), 694-717. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022002714564014.
Ajzenman, Nicolas, Cavalcanti, Tiago, i Da Mata, Daniel. (2020). More than Words: Leaders’ Speech and Risky Behavior During a Pandemic. CEPR Discussion Paper, DP14707.
Aksoy, C. G., Eichengreen, B., i Saka, O. (2020). The Political Scar of Epidemics. NBER Working Papers, 27401.
Allcott, Hunt, Boxell, Levi, Conway, Jacob, Gentzkow, Matthew, Thaler, Michael, i Yang, David. (2020). Polarization and public health: Partisan differences in social distancing during the coronavirus pandemic. Journal of Public Economics, 191. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254.
Alfani, Guido, i Murphy, Tommy. (2017). Plague and Lethal Epidemics in the Pre-Industrial World. The Journal of Economic History, 77(1), 314-343. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022050717000092.
Alsan, Marcella, Braghieri, Luca, Eichmeyer, Sarah, Kim, Joyce, Stantcheva, Stefanie, i Yang, David. (2020). Civil Liberties in the Time of Health and Economic Crises. Harvard Labor/Public Seminar.
Amat, Francesc, Arenas, Andreu, Falcó-Gimeno, Albert, i Muñoz, Jordi. (2020). Pandemics meet democracy. Experimental evidence from the COVID-19 crisis in Spain. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/dkusw.
Ang, Yuen Yuen. (2020). When COVID-19 meets centralized, personalized power. Nature Human Behaviour, 4, 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41562-020-0872-3.
Arceneaux, Kevin, Bakker, Bert N., Hobolt, Sara, i De Vries, Catherine E. (2020). Is COVID-19 a Threat to Liberal Democracy? https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/8e4pa.
Bækgaard, Martin, Christensen, Julian, Madsen, Jonas K., i Mikkelsen, Kim S. (2020). Rallying around the flag in times of COVID-19: Societal lockdown and trust in democratic institutions. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 3. https://doi.org/10.30636/jbpa.32.172.
Barrios, John M., Benmelech, Efraim, Hochberg, Yael V., Sapienza, Paola, i Zingales, Luigi. (2020). Civic Capital and Social Distancing During the Covid-19 Pandemic. NBER Working Papers, 27320.
Bartscher, Alina K., Seitz, Sebastian, Siegloch, Sebastian, Slotwinski, Michaela, i Wehrhöfer, Nils. (2020). Social Capital and the Spread of Covid-19: Insights from European Countries. SSRN Electronic Journal, 20-023. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3616714.
Bazzi, Samuel, Fiszbein, Martin, i Gebresilasse, Mesay. (2020). Rugged Individualism and Collective (In) action during the COVID-19 Pandemic. NBER Working Papers, 27776.
Bertsou, Eri, i Caramani, Daniele. (2020). People Haven’t Had Enough of Experts: Technocratic Attitudes among Citizens in Nine European Democracies. American Journal of Political Science. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajps.12554.
Bol, Damien, Giani, Marco, Blais, André, i Loewen, Peter John. (2020). The effect of COVID-19 lockdowns on political support: Some good news for democracy? European Journal of Political Research. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/7hpj9.
Bosancianu, Constantin Manuel, Dionne, Kim Yi, Hilbig, Hanno, Humphreys, Macartan, KC, Sampada, Lieber, Nils, i Scacco, Alex. (2020). Political and Social Correlates of Covid-19 Mortality. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/ub3zd.
Bove, Vincenzo, i Di Leo, Riccardo. (2020). COVID-19, Security Threats and Public Opinions. Peace Economics, Peace Science and Public Policy. https://doi.org/10.1515/peps-2020-0033.
Brisceses, Guglielmo, Lacetera, Nicola, Macis, Mario, i Tonin, Mirco. (2020). Compliance with COVID-19 Social-distancing Measures in Italy: The Role of Expectations and Duration. NBER Working Papers, 26916.
Brodeur, Abel, Grigoryeva, Idaliya, i Kattan, Lamis. (2020). Stay-at-Home Orders, Social Distancing and Trust. GLO Discussion Paper, 553.
Brückner, Markus, i Ciccone, Antonio. (2011). Rain and the Democratic Window of Opportunity. Econometrica, 79(3), 923-947.
Calo-Blanco, Aitor, Kovářík, Jaromír, Mengel, Friederike, i Romero, José Gabriel. (2017). Natural disasters and indicators of social cohesion. PLoS ONE, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176885.
Caramani, Daniele. (2017). Will vs. reason: The Populist and Technocratic Forms of Political Representation and Their Critique to Party Government. The American Political Science Review, 111(1), 54.
Carlin, Ryan E., Love, Gregory J., Zechmeister, Elizabeth J. (2014). Natural Disaster and Democratic Legitimacy: The Public Opinion Consequences of Chile’s 2010 Earthquake and Tsunami. Political Research Quarterly, 67(1), 3-15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1065912913495592.
Cepaluni, Gabriel, Dorsch, Michael, i Branyiczki, Reka. (2020). Political Regimes and Deaths in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3586767.
Cheibub, José Antonio, Hong, Ji Yeon Ji, i Przeworski, Adam. (2020). Rights and Deaths: Government Reactions to the Pandemic. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3645410.
Chowanietz, Christophe. (2016). Bombs, Bullets, and Politicians: France’s Response to Terrorism. Montreal: McGill - Queen’s Press - MQUP.
Chowanietz, Christophe. (2011). Rallying around the flag or railing against the government? Political parties’ reactions to terrorist acts. Party Politics, 17(5), 673-698.
Chuang Ying-Chih, Huang Ya-Li, Tseng Kuo-Chien, Yen Chia-Hsin, Yang Lin-Hui. (2015). Social Capital and Health-Protective Behavior Intentions in an Influenza Pandemic. PLoS ONE 10(4). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122970.
Cornelson, Kirsten, i Miloucheva, Boriana. (2020). Political polarization, social fragmentation, and cooperation during a pandemic. Working Papers, 663. Universitat de Toronto, Departament de Ciències Econòmiques.
Daniele, Gianmarco, Martinangeli, Andrea F. M., Passarelli, Francesco, Sas, Willem, i Windsteiger, Lisa. (2020). Wind of Change? Experimental Survey Evidence on the COVID-19 Shock and Socio-Political Attitudes in Europe. CESifo Working Paper, 8517.
Dayrit, Manuel M., i Mendoza, Ronald. (2020). Social cohesion vs COVID-19. International Journal of Health Governance. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHG-03-2020-0022.
De Vries, Catherine, Bakker, Bernt, Hobolt, Sara, i Arceneaux, Kevin. (2020). Crisis Signaling: How Italy’s Coronavirus Lockdown Affected Incumbent Support in Other European Countries. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3606149.
Devine, Daniel, Gaskell, Jennifer, Jennings, Will, i Stoker, Gerry. (2020). Trust and the Coronavirus Pandemic: What are the Consequences of and for Trust? An Early Review of the Literature. Political Studies Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929920948684.
Durante, Ruben, Guiso, Luigi, i Gulino, Giorgio. (2020). Asocial Capital: Civic Culture and Social Distancing during COVID-19. Barcelona GSE Working Paper, 1181.
Esaiasson, Peter, Sohlberg, Jacob, Ghersetti, Marina, i Johansson, Bengt. (2020). How the coronavirus crisis affects citizen trust in government institutions and in unknown others – Evidence from “the Swedish Experiment”. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/6yw9r.
Flinders, Matthew. (2020). Democracy and the Politics of Coronavirus: Trust, Blame and Understanding. Parliamentary Affairs. https://doi.org/10.1093/pa/gsaa013.
Franck, Raphaël. (2016). The Political Consequences of Income Shocks: Explaining the Consolidation of Democracy in France. Review of Economics and Statistics, 98(1), 57-82.
Frey, Carl Benedikt, Chen, Chinchih, i Presidente, Giorgio. (2020). Democracy, Culture, and Contagion: Political Regimes and Countries Responsiveness to Covid-19. Universitat d’Oxford.
Gadarian, Shana Kushner, Goodman, Sara Wallace, Pepinsky, Thomas B. (2020). Partisanship, Health Behavior, and Policy Attitudes in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3562796.
Garmendia, Amuitz, i León, Sandra. (2020). Popular Reactions to External Threats in Federations. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/qyjtm.
Gollwitzer, Anton, Martel, Cameron, Brady, William J., Knowles, Eric D., i Van Bavel, Jay. (2020). Partisan Differences in Physical Distancing Predict Infections and Mortality During the Coronavirus. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3609392.
Graham, Matthew H., i Svolik, Milan W. (2020). Democracy in America? Partisanship, Polarization, and the Robustness of Support for Democracy in the United States. American Political Science Review, 114(2), 392-409.
Heffner, Joseph, Vives, Marc-Lluís, i FeldmanHall, Oriel. (2020). Emotional responses to prosocial messages increase willingness to self-isolate during the COVID-19 pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/qkxvb.
Katz, Gabriel, i Levin, Ines. (2015). The Dynamics of Political Support in Emerging Democracies: Evidence from a Natural Disaster in Peru. International Journal of Public Opinion Research, 28. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijpor/edv010.
Kotschy, Rainer, i Sunde, Uwe. (2019). Income Shocks, Inequality, and Democracy. The Scandinavian Journal of Economics. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12398.
Lavezzolo, Sebastián, Ramiro, Luis, i Fernández-Vazquez, Pablo. (2020). The will for reason: voter demand for experts in office. West European Politics, 1-26.
Leininger, Arndt, i Schaub, Max. (2020). Voting at the dawn of a global pandemic. https://doi.org/10.31235/osf.io/a32r7.
Lijphart, Arend. (1969). Consociational Democracy. World Politics, 21(2), 207-225.
McNamara, Kathleen R., i Newman, Abraham L. (2020). The Big Reveal: COVID-19 and Globalization’s Great Transformations. International Organization. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818320000387.
Merkley, Eric, Bridgman, Aengus, Loewen, Peter, Owen, Taylor, Ruths, Derek, i Zhilin, Oleg. (2020). A Rare Moment of Cross-Partisan Consensus: Elite and Public Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Canada. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 53(2), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0008423920000311.
Mueller, John E. (1970). Presidential popularity from Truman to Johnson. The American Political Science Review, 64(1), 18–34.
Olson, Mancur. (2009). The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods and the Theory of Groups (Second Printing with a New Preface and Appendix, vol. 124). Harvard University Press.
Painter, Marcus, i Qiu, Tian. (2020). Political Beliefs affect Compliance with COVID-19 Social Distancing Orders. SSRN. http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3569098.
Przeworski, Adam. (2020). Life in the Time of COVID-19: first reactions, future directions. ‘Governance, in crisis’ series. The Global.
Putnam, Robert D., Leonardi, Robert, i Nanetti, Raffaella Y. (1994). Making democracy work: Civic traditions in modern Italy. Princeton University Press.
Rehman, Faiz Ur, i Vanin, Paolo. (2016). Terrorism Risk and Democratic Preferences in Pakistan. Journal of Development Economics, 124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2016.09.003.
Sebhatu, Abiel, Wennberg, Karl, Arora-Jonsson, Stefan, i Lindberg, Staffan I. (2020). Explaining the Homogeneous Diffusion of Covid-19 Policies among Heterogenous Countries. V-Dem Working Paper, 104.
Toya, Hideki, i Skidmore, Mark. (2014). Do Natural Disasters Enhance Societal Trust? Kyklos, 67, 255-279. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12053.
Uslaner, Eric, i Yamamura, Eiji. (2016). Disaster and political trust: The Japan Tsunami and Earthquake of 2011. MPRA Paper, 70527. Munic: University Library of Munich.
Yam, Kai Chi, Jackson, Joshua Conrad, Barnes, Christopher M., Lau, Jenson, Qin, Xin, i Lee, Hin Yeung. (2020). The Rise of COVID-19 is Associated with Support for World Leaders. https://doi.org/10.31234/osf.io/jhprk.
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.2436/rcdp.i0.2020.3539
